Pelvic pain or discomfort is a common occurrence in women. Pain in the pelvic or lower abdomen area is actually a very general symptom that can be a sign of many conditions, not just premenstrual syndrome.

Pelvic pain refers to any sort of pain or discomfort in the abdomen below the belly button. As this is a rather large area, the pain could originate from several sources. Some of the main causes of pelvic pain are:-

1. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Menstruation

The most common cause of pelvic pain in women is PMS. Before our monthly menstrual cycle begins, our hormones start to go through changes to prepare our body for ovulation and conception. These hormonal fluctuations can cause PMS symptoms, starting from 5 to 11 days before menstruation. Some symptoms are:-

• abdominal cramps
• low back pain
• headache
• tender breasts
• acne
• mood swings

Some of us experience cramps in our lower abdomen or back during our menstrual period, caused by our uterus contracting to push out the menstrual blood.

2. Ovulation

Between our periods, our ovaries will release an egg, along with some fluid and blood, which may cause us to feel a painful twinge in our abdomen. This pain may be experienced midway through our menstrual cycle, and it may switch from left to right side during different months (depending on which ovary releases the egg). This pain goes away within a few hours.

3. Appendicitis

This is when our appendix becomes infected and inflamed. It could potentially burst and cause complications or death. If it's a sudden sharp pain in our lower abdomen, on the lower right area of our stomach, accompanied by vomiting and fever, it may be appendicitis.

4. Ectopic pregnancy

This is a life-threatening condition where the embryo implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. The symptoms are:

• a sharp pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area
• cramps on 1 side of the pelvic
• abnormal vaginal bleeding
• nausea
• dizziness

This may occur during early stages of pregnancy.

5. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

The 2 most common STDs that affect women are chlamydia and gonorrhea. The symptoms are:

• pelvic pain
• painful urination
• bleeding between periods
• abnormal vaginal discharge

6. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

STDs can go on to cause PID. The symptoms are:

• pelvic pain
• fever
• abnormal vaginal discharge
• pain during sex
• pain during urination

PID is a serious consequence of untreated STDs and can cause permanent damage to the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, leading to infertility.

7. Ovarian cysts

This forms during ovulation when the ovary doesn't release the egg, or the follicle (sac in the ovary) recloses after releasing the egg and swells with fluid. A large size cyst can cause:

• pelvic pain
• weight gain 
• frequent urination.

Some cysts don't cause any pain and resolve on their own.

8. Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous tumours or growths that grow on the wall of the uterus. Fibroids are very common and many women develop them during their childbearing years without suffering from any pain or symptoms. However, some fibroids can cause:

• pelvic cramping
• pain during menstruation
• pressure in the lower abdomen
• pain during sexual intercourse
• lower back pain
• abnormal menstrual bleeding

(Source: StarFit4Life, What's That Pain? by Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar 25 December 2011)

Oh No.. Any Solution?

Yes. Yung Kien Lingzhi / Ganoderma together with Yung Kien Pollen have a history of being able to regulate our body's hormonal system so they are able to successfully reduce PMS symptoms and menstrual cramps. I can certainly vouch for that, as I used to go on medical leave almost monthly during my menses, but I hardly suffer from menstrual cramps anymore now.

Further, Lingzhi boosts up the body immune system and increase the number and activity of natural killer cells of our body. This strengthens the anti-tumour capability and tumour-suppression power of the cells, which activate the cells to inhibit subsequent tumour growth. I personally know of several friends with proven instances of seeing their fibroid growths shrunk after taking high-dosage Lingzhi over a mere several weeks.

For ladies who have to undergo operation, Jia Hor Instant Soya Protein Powder is able to help them recuperate from surgical operation. It helps their wounds heal quickly by generating new cells and repairing the skin that is damaged from the operation.

Please email me at laifuiping@gmail.com to buy. Click here to refer to Shuang Hor company website for Product Description and Price.

Most of us have heard of (or even use) the terms free radical, oxidation and antioxidant when we talk about health or ageing. If you're a bit hazy on what they all mean, I hope this post will help clear up some of your confusion.

What is Free Radical?
It is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in the outer shell and hence is not stable. 

What is Oxidation?
For the free radicals to become stable, it has to "steal" an electron from our body cells to stabilize itself, resulting in the death of our cells. Oxidation is the process of robbing electrons from our cells by the free radicals. If there are many free radicals, our cells become more fragile and weaker when the free radicals attack the DNA and change the structure of our cells. So the more free radicals there are, the more easily a person will fall sick, age and die.


What is Antioxidant?
Antioxidant is the substance that may protect our cells against free radicals. It can prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body. Antioxidants act as "free radical scavengers" and hence prevent and repair the damage done by these free radicals. 


Where do Free Radicals come from?
Free radicals are molecules produced when our body breaks down food or from environmental exposures like tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals are also produced with each breathe we take. Each of our cell has a "generator" to produce energy, called Mitochondria. When we breath, the mitochondria takes in oxygen and releases a waste material called free radical. There are 2 types, namely, Superoxide Radical and Hydroxyl Radical. 

What sort of Harm will Free Radicals Cause?
If the quantum is too high, it will damage our cells, make them vulnerable and die easily. This happens to people with stroke, cancer or arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries).

Free radicals will also cause us to age faster; makes us grow old more quickly.
Further, it will make our body organs deteriorate faster.

How does our Body Eliminate Free Radicals?
Our blood has natural antioxidant enzymes, which are capable to eliminate these free radicals. It's called a Multi-Enzymatic Anti-Oxidation System, comprising of these main enzymes:
a) Glutathione
b) Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
c) Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)
d) Catalase


How healthy is a person depends on:
a) How good is his defense system (white blood cells)
b) How good is his multi-enzymatic system. If it is working well, he will feel energetic and healthy. For instance, a person suffering from an inherited disorder called G6PD deficiency has red blood cells (RBCs) that cannot transport oxygen effectively throughout the body. Their RBCs are destroyed faster than their body can replace them.


What Foods Provide Antioxidants?
Vitamins C and E eg. from fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Alpha lipoic acid, generally made by our body but also found in red meat.
Polyphenol from grapes.
Lycopene eg. from tomatoes, grapefruits, watermelons.
Green tea.



How does Lingzhi Work to Eliminate Free Radicals?

When you collect your medical check-up results, you see many acronyms and ranges of numbers, right? It can get very confusing. Even after careful explanation by the doctor, some of us are still confused or tend to forget. If you wonder what they all mean, read on for a simple summary.


Measurements of the Components of Red Blood Cells (RBC)

1. RBC (erythrocyte). Counts the number of RBC we have per litre of our blood plasma.
Normal range:
Male: 4.3 to 6.2 million cells per microliter
Female and children: 3.8 to 5.5 million cells per microliter

2. Hb (haemoglobin). Measures the amount of Hb in our blood. Hb is the component that carries oxygen in our RBC and gives our blood its red colour. A low Hb means you have anaemia.
Normal range:
Male: 13.2 to 16.2 grams per deciliter
Female: 12.0 to 15.2 grams per deciliter

3. Hct (haematocrit). Ratio of the volume of red cells to our whole blood. Lowered haematocrit can imply significant haemorrhage.
Normal range:
Male: 40% to 52%
Female: 37% to 46%

4. MCV (mean corpuscular volume). This is the average volume (size) of our red blood cell. A high MCV may signify the presence of a disease such as megaloblastic anaemia (big RBC).

5. MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin). This is the average amount of Hb in our RBC. A low measurement signifies anaemia.

6. MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration). This measures the average concentration of Hb in a volume of RBC.
Normal range: 32% to 36%

Measurement of the Components of White Blood Cells (WBC) and Platelets

1. WBC (leukocyte). Counts the number of WBC we have per litre of our blood plasma. A significantly high WBC count can signify infection or suffering from certain types of blood diseases.

• Metabolism and storage of food
• Conversion and transportation of medicine
• Detoxification and excretion of toxic substances ingested or inhaled
• Synthesis of protein
• Involvement in food digestion (conversion of hemoglobin into bilirubin to aid digestion).

1. viral infection, where the most prevalent are hepatitis B and C (AST/ALT ratio less than 1).
2. alcoholic damage (AST/ALT ratio more than 2).
3. chemical damage including ingestion or inhalation of toxic substances. 

Since our liver lacks nerves, damage at the initial stage may go unrecognized. To date, viral hepatitis remains incurable and can only be controlled by western medicines such as silymarin (extract of the milk thistle seeds), the one most commonly used. Providing protection for the liver, rather than waiting to treat liver disorders when they arise, may be the best way forward since it is almost impossible to avoid contact with the toxic substances that may affect the liver.
Once liver cells are damaged, they will release GPT (ALT) and GOT (AST) enzymes - the greater the damage, the higher the values of these liver function indices. GPT is a more representative index on account of its liver specificity. GOT also exists in the heart, kidneys, skeletal muscle and brain.

Research into the Effects of Ganoderma on Liver Function

Over 30 scientific studies have been published on the usage of ganoderma in liver protection. These are some of the references on studies published since 2000:


An official testing method uses a strict and rigorous approach employing a "chronic poisoning" model, which involves using carbon tetrachloride to induce chronic hepatic injury in rats. This requires 8 weeks of feeding the toxic substances to rats and examining their effects on the liver. The rats are divided into 5 groups:

a) control group (no medication given)
b) carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group
c) silymarin group
d) low-dosage ganoderma group
e) high-dosage ganoderma group.

The results are as follows:


The test results show that rats receiving ganoderma products (extracted from YK-01 strain) showed significant decreases in GPT and GOT values after 3 weeks. This shows that ganoderma was able to reduce hepatic injury induced by CCl4. The efficacy is dose-dependent. i.e. the more ganoderma was taken (from 0.5g/Kg to 3.0g/Kg), the more the inflammation was alleviated and liver function indices lowered. Thus, in animal testing model for lowering serum GPT and GOT values, ganoderma extract has the effect of alleviating injuries related to the liver.

When the liver is injured, it will activate the function of liver cell regeneration. The experiment found that mice taking CCl4 together with ganoderma were found to have high levels of protein in their livers. This tendency is also dose-dependent - higher dosage (0.5g/Kg to 3.0g/Kg) of ganoderma led to greater levels of liver protein. Ganoderma is not a high-protein food, but interestingly, the results demonstrated that it helped to increase the quantity of protein in the liver. The liver cells also show greater powers of regeneration. In other words, ganoderma can increase the quantity of protein in the liver, and enhance liver cell reproduction.

This study was published in the The American Journal of Chinese Medicine in 2004.

---------------------------------------------

This test results shows the effects of ganoderma and silymarin in reducing hepatic fibrosis:



The study also concluded that although silymarin is considered to be an effective treatment of hepatitis, it demonstrated a lesser effect on reducing fibrosis than that of ganoderma. Increasing the dose of silymarin might provide better results but with the increased possibility of more side effects.

-----------------------------------------------

In another study in 2006, Bi-Fong Lin and Miao-Ling Chen from National Taiwan University fed ganoderma extracts from the fruiting body of the YK-01 strain to mice for 7 weeks. The results indicate that ganoderma has anti-oxidation ability, i.e. prevent our liver from oxidation.

Study on the Effect of Ganoderma on Protecting Human Liver

In 2005, Prof. Jin-Kun Wang from Chung Shan Medical University conducted a clinical trial on 40 healthy volunteers using Ganoderma YK-01 fruiting body extracts over 3-6 months.  Their average GPT values during consumption of ganoderma were measured and are listed in the table below:


In other words,

• YK-01 ganoderma extract decreases liver indices values.
• The longer the extract is used, the more the hepatic GPT value dropped.

(Source: Ganoderma The Ultimate Herbal Medicine, Chapter 4, by Dr. Deng-Hai Chen)

Please contact me at askfuiping@gmail.com to buy Yung Kien Ganoderma, which is manufactured using the Ganoderma YK-01 strain.
Click here to refer to Shuang Hor company website for Product Description and Price.

Probiotics is a term that refers to all types of beneficial/friendly bacteria residing in the human body. Good probiotics co-exist in a delicate balance with the harmful bacteria in our gastro-intestinal tract, interacting among each other in harmony. However, this balance is disturbed when we are under mental stress, have an unhealthy diet, are taking medication or under the attack from infectious disease.

As such, preserving the dominance of beneficial gut flora is one of the most crucial and sensible ways to protect and preserve our physical wellness.

The probiotics sold in the market today can be classified into 4 categories. They are:

1. Probiotics not subject to any coating process. Hence they are intolerant to heat (have to be refrigerated) as well as our stomach's gastric and bile acids. They also have a short shelf-life.

2.  Probiotics delivered in hard capsules. These probiotics are protected from heat and our stomach's acidic juices. However, the hard capsules do not dissolve readily and trap the probiotics inside. They also have a short shelf-life.

3. Probiotics in microcapsules made of gelatine have a longer shelf-life and a better tolerance to the hydrochloric acid in the gasric juice, but exhibit weak thermal stability. They can take up to 6 hours to dissolve before eventual elimination out of the digestive system.

4. Multicoated probiotics is a technology which envelope the probiotics in several layers of prebiotics (food source for probiotics, consisting of composite milk proteins, composite oligosaccharides and edible gum compound). The probiotics delivered in this manner will be able to survive and remain intact in the presence of gastric and bile juices, such that they could settle down and proliferate in the gastrointestinal tract to perform their immune modulation functions.

Shuang Hor Lactoberry is formulated using good probiotics belonging to the 4th category i.e. using the multi-coated technology. As such, it is very effective to deliver the intended benefits.

(Source: Shuang Hor Magazine November 2011, A Brief Account of Shuang Hor Lacto-Berry New Product Launching Roadshow Seminars)


Here are some Related Articles:

• Probiotics: Benefits And Important Features
• Unique Ingredients and Benefits of Lactoberry Probiotics

If you like to buy Shuang Hor Lactoberry probiotics, please email me at laifuiping@gmail.com.
Click here to refer to Shuang Hor company website for Product Description and Price.

Issues with our health can create other seemingly non-related health problems - like erectile dysfunction. This refers to the inability to sufficiently maintain an erection to have sex. Some of the causes include stress, tiredness, depression or relationship issues. Apart from mental and emotional issues, there are a number of physical causes for impotence.

Men with sexual problems of this nature include:

• smokers
• men with high cholesterol problems
• men with high blood pressure problems
• diabetics.

This article gives you a brief understanding of the main types of diabetes, together with the results of many experiments and researches that prove how ganoderma works to prevent as well as treat diabetes.



Our body's cells need sugar (glucose) as their energy source. The key to "open the door" to our cells is called Insulin (a hormone produced by beta-cells in the pancreas). When insulin in the blood is insufficient or when it cannot open the doors to the cells, glucose will stay in the blood, and in the long-run lead to diabetes. When beta-cells (the insulin production factory) die, the chance of new cells forming is relatively low. Therefore, it is crucial to keep the beta-cells alive for as long as possible so that a sufficient and stable amount of insulin can be produced to allow the glucose in our blood to be utilized.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes is diagnosed when the fasting blood glucose value exceeds 130 mg/dl and postprandial blood glucose value exceeds 180 mg/dl.

1) Type I Diabetes - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (congenital). Diagnosed in children aged 10 to 14 years old. Virus invasion, chemical medicine or autoimmunity are suspected to be possible causes. As their beta-cells are unable to produce insulin, diabetics are dependent on insulin supplementation for the rest of their lives.

2) Type II Diabetes - non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset or acquired). 90% of diabetics belong to this group. The majority is insulin resistant (insulin hormone becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars).

3) Gestational Diabetes - Diagnosed in about 2% to 3% of pregnant women. Normally, high blood glucose levels disappear after delivery, but women with gestational diabetes are prone to developing Type II Diabetes.

There is no cure for diabetes. The only way is to undertake prevention and control of diabetes. Dietary control is of paramount importance to ensure our blood glucose is maintained at the desired level. Reduce consumption of sweet desserts, starch and sweet fruits.

Creatinine is a waste product of metabolism in our body. It circulates in the blood to our kidneys for excretion through urine. However, if we have renal/kidney disfunction, the creatinine cannot be excreted. The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggest that when men and women have a creatinine level exceeding 2.0 and 1.5 mg/dl respectively, professional advice is required to prevent the occurrence of diabetes.

How Ganoderma Works to Prevent Diabetes : Protect Beta-Cells

Prof. Zhi-Bin Lin of Beijing Medical University published a report on the improvement of diabetes in mice fed with a homogeneous polysaccharide peptide of G. lucidum (GIPS). This provides a convincing evidence on the ability of ganoderma to maintain pancreatic function. Further, the beta-cells of mice fed with GIPS survive longer than mice in the control group. This means GIPS prolongs the lifespan of beta-cells and by doing so, prevents diabetes. GIPS has the ability to eliminate the free radicals that attack the beta-cells. In other words, ganoderma is potent in diabetes prevention.

A majority of researchers believe a treatment that lowers blood glucose and at the same time maintains insulin levels can be effective in controlling diabetes. Since GIPS has been shown to be effective in improving these 2 aspects, it has the potential to become an auxiliary medicine in diabetes treatment and prevention.



In other experiments conducted on mice and human clinical trials using a special strain of G. tsugae (YK-01), ganoderma is also proven effective in eliminating free radicals, prolonging the lifespan of beta-cells, lengthening the time for insulin production, and ensuring the stability of blood glucose levels.

A rule to note is the higher the dosage being used, the shorter the time it takes to see the effects.

How Ganoderma Works to Modulate Blood Glucose Level

Due to the inability of the body to modulate and control blood glucose levels, diabetic patients constantly feel hungry. But if they eat too much, they will have difficulty reducing their blood glucose levels.

In 1987, Japanese researchers conducted a "glucose tolerance test" and found that rats with high blood glucose that were given ganoderma hot-water extract had decreased levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin. This indicates that ganoderma hot-water extracts are effective in reducing excessive blood glucose and so contribute positively to control the disorder in blood glucose metabolism. However, only a high dosage will be effective.

How Ganoderma Works : Human Clinical Trials

In 2000, a clinical trial was conducted in Taichung Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan that indicated that ganoderma acts to improve both "postprandial blood glucose" and the "life quality" of diabetic patients.

This clinical trial involved 46 voluntary diabetic patients with a medical history of diabetes of over 6 to 10 years. The participants were divided into 2 groups. 1 group was given a dose of 3 g ganoderma per day for 3 months. The other is a control group. The findings:

• The treated group had a decrease in postprandial blood glucose and no significant differences in the fasting blood glucose. The majority of Type II diabetic patients are able to control their fasting blood glucose after taking western medicines, but postprandial blood glucose is often difficult to control. In this respect, ganoderma can make up for the shortcomings of western medicine, as a supplementary treatment of diabetes.
• The treated group had a significant reduction in their systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels.
• The treated group reported improvement in their quality of life compared to those in the control group.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a disease in which prevention is more vital than treatment. Ganoderma has been proven by scientific research to be effective both in prevention and as supplementary treatment.

It is important to highlight that the dosage for people with high blood glucose levels should be at least high enough to have a therapeutic effect. Continuous high dose administration over a 3-month period is recommended.

(Source: Ganoderma The Ultimate Herbal Medicine by Dr. Deng-Hai Chen, Chapter 5, Research into the Effects of Ganoderma in Chronic Disease)

Please email me at askfuiping@gmail.com if you wish to manage your high blood glucose level or diabetic problems using Yung Kien Ganoderma.

Click here to refer to Shuang Hor company website for Product Description and Price.

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of our blood vessels. There is pressure when the heart pumps blood throughout the whole body. It is influenced mainly by:

1) the heart
2) emotional stress
3) blood viscosity
4) elasticity of the blood vessels.

1. Ganoderma and Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)

Healthy human blood is a liquid with great fluidity. When the fluidity is poor, the heart must increase the strength of its contractions in order to force the blood around the whole body, resulting in a higher pressure.

Low blood fluidity arises from an increase in "blood viscosity", with the primary factor being higher level of "blood lipid" or "blood fat"; the chief components being cholesterol and triglyceride.

Our liver produces most of the circulating cholesterols and triglycerides in order to allow essential biochemical activities, such as energy provision and cell metabolism.

Unfortunately, due to our diet (increased meat consumption) and lack of exercise, there is an excess amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in our body, resulting in the development of Hyperlipidemia.

How Ganoderma Works

In 1989, Japanese researchers discovered that ganoderic acid B and C in an ex-vivo testing model could inhibit the formation and synthesis of cholesterols in hepatic cells in rats.

In 2004, Swiss researches used an animal testing model on hyperlipidemic mini-pigs and found that ganoderma effectively reduced total cholesterol by 20% and levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) by up to 27%. In 2005, the same Swiss research team discovered that the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of ganoderma was a result of ganoderma triterpenoids (ganoderic alcohol and ganoderic acid) inhibiting the bio-synthesis of cholesterols in the liver of the mini-pigs.

This means ganoderma triterpenoids could prevent the liver from producing an excess of cholesterol. Based on an analysis of ganoderma, these effective ganoderma triterpenoids are found to be rich in Yung Kien Ganoderma (belonging to a strain of G. tsugae).


2. Ganoderma and Thrombosis (formation of blood clots)

When there is a high level of fat in the blood, excess lipids will adhere to the surface of the arterial wall, accumulate and eventually result in arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). As the blood cannot run through these narrowed arteries smoothly, the heart will need to exert a higher pressure to push blood through, causing a rise in blood pressure.

If a piece of lipid sticks at a narrow point of the blood vessels, it will cause thromboembolism. Thrombosis at the heart is called Cardiovascular Thrombosis.
Thrombosis at the brain is called Cerebrovascular Thrombosis.

Another possible cause of arteriosclerosis is the aggregation of platelets. When injuries occur in the blood vessels, platelets gather at the site of injury and begin the repair process. The walls of the blood vessels then become thicker and narrower, thus blood flow become slower, causing high blood pressure.

How Ganoderma Works

Research at China Tongji Medical University showed that after taking 12 capsules of Yung Kien Ganoderma per day for 2 weeks, the rate of platelet aggregation was inhibited by up to 32%, and the dry weight of thrombus was reduced by more than 30%. Yung Kien Ganaoderma also reduces the size of thrombi in atherosclerotic patients.

In other words, ganoderma can improve the blood conditions of people with cerebral/cardiovascular diseases, increase blood fluidity and decrease the possibility of thrombus formation.


3. Ganoderma and Vascular Elasticity

As we age, our blood vessels are no longer as elastic and our heart has to increase its force of contraction. One important cause is sclerosis due to the over-accumulation of substances such as fats and cholesterol. The restoration of vascular elasticity is very important to control our blood pressure.

The function of the renin-angiotensin system is to maintain blood pressure in a normal state. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an important enzyme in this system, which helps stimulate blood vessel contractions to help the human body adapt to environment changes such as temperature and also emotions. However, many hypertensive patients have a much higher ACE concentration than normal. Hence, inhibition of ACE activity is an effective way to reduce high blood pressure.

How Ganoderma Works

Experiments conducted in 1986 by Japanese researchers showed that the ganoderal A, ganoderols A, B and ganoderic acid B, C2, F, H, K and S were effective in inhibiting ACE activity. Such research provides scientific proof for the control of high blood pressure in patients taking ganoderma over long-term.

More Researches: Ganoderma and Hypertension

• In 1988, Japanese researchers from Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan found a significant drop in cholesterols and triglycerides in the blood of rats after administering them with ganoderma for 28 days. Blood pressure also decreased by more than 10 mmHg.
• In a 1985 human clinical trial, Japanese researchers from Surugadai Nihon University Hospital in Tokyo gave ganoderma hot-water extracts to 40 hypertensive patients with blood pressure of over 160 and 95 mmHg. After 6 months, 60% of the patients showed a decrease of 10 to 20 mmHg in blood pressure.